Agentes comunitarios de salud para el autocontrol en diabetes / Community health agents for self-control in diabetes
Resumen
Los agentes comunitarios de salud son personas capacitadas para asistir al profesional de salud durante la prestación de servicio en la comunidad. También reciben el nombre de par de apoyo: viven con la misma enfermedad que la persona a la cual apoyan y saben lo que significa vivir y lidiar con la enfermedad. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar evidencia científica sobre el alcance y beneficio de la contribución de los pares en diversos programas de educación para el automanejo de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DT2). Para esto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de ensayos clínicos controlados publicados en los años de 2010 a 2015. Las fuentes fueron recopiladas de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, tales como MEDLINE, Pubmed, Web of Science (Science, Index). Los descriptores fueron tres conceptos “diabetes??? AND “apoyo de los pares??? AND “resultados???. Se incluyeron artículos de texto completo en inglés y español.Los resultados de la búsqueda proporcionaron una fuerte evidencia de apoyo entre iguales en el automanejo de la diabetes. La intervención de los pares de apoyo demostró ser una excelente colaboradora con los profesionales de salud en el automanejo de la DT2. Tiene viabilidad en su implementación, sustentabilidad al retener la alta proporción de población participante, efectividad clínica y mejora en la calidad de vida al evidenciar una reducción signifcativa de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1C), eficacia —especialmente en personas con baja adherencia al medicamento y autogestión, y con bajo nivel de alfabetización en salud—, reducción de costos por hospitalizaciones, y,además, ha demostrado ser una práctica humanizadora. La implementación de programas para el automanejo de la diabetes con el apoyo de pares está altamente difundida en varias partes del mundo. Los hallazgos del estudio demostraron que los pares de apoyo son una excelente estrategia para el autocontrol y para hacer frente a los retos de salud presentes y futuros en el cuidado de la persona que vive con DT2.Citas
American Diabetes Associations. (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2016: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care Trials, 33(3), 499-506
Andreae, S. J., Halanych, J. H., Cherrington, A., & Safford, M. M. (2012). Recruitment of a rural, southern, predominantly african-american population into a diabetes self-management trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 33(3), 499-506.
Arretz, D. (2010). Physician–community health worker partnering to support diabetes self-management in primary care. Quality in Primary Care, 18, 363-372.
Ayala, G. X., Vaz, L., Earp, J. A., Elder, J. P., & Cherrington, A. (2010). Outcome effectiveness of the lay health advisor model among latinos in the united states: An examination by role.Health Education Research, 25(5), 815-840.
Bonal Ruiz, R., Almenares Camps, H. B., & Marzán Delis, M. (2012). Coaching de salud: Un nuevo enfoque en el empoderamiento del paciente con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Medisan, 16(5), 773-785.
Brown, H. S., Wilson, K. J., Pagán, J. A., Arcari, C. M., Martinez, M., Smith, K., & Reininger, B. (2012). Peer Reviewed: Cost-effectiveness analysis of a Community Health Worker Intervention for Low-Income Hispanic Adults with Diabetes. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9. Retrevied https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3475531/
Brownson, C. A., & Heisler, M. (2009). The role of peer support in diabetes care and self-management. The Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 2(1), 5-17.
Campbell, C. (2014). An economic evaluation of a peer support intervention for diabetets self-management. Birmingham, AL. University of Alabama, Birmingham;,
Chan, J. C., Sui, Y., Oldenburg, B., Zhang, Y., Chung, H. H., Goggins, W., Wong, R. Y. (2014). Effects of telephone-based peer support in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving integrated care: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(6), 972-981.
Chen, E. H., Thom, D. H., Hessler, D. M., Phengrasamy, L., Hammer, H., Saba, G., & Bodenheimer, T. (2010). Using the teamlet model to improve chronic care in an academic primary care practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(4), 610-614.
Cherrington, A., Ayala, G. X., Elder, J. P., Arredondo, E. M., Fouad, M., & Scarinci, I. (2010). Recognizing the diverse roles of community health workers in the elimination of health disparities: From paid staff to volunteers. Ethnicity & Disease, 20(2), 189-194.
Comellas, M., Walker, E. A., Movsas, S., Merkin, S., Zonszein, J., & Strelnick, H. (2010). Training community health promoters to implement diabetes self-management support programs for urban minority adults. The Diabetes Educator, 36(1), 141-151.
Dennis, C. (2003). Peer support within a health care context: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 40(3), 321-332.
Elstad, E. A., Boothroyd, R., Henes, A., Maslow, G., Nelson, K., & Fisher, E. (2010, August). Global systematic review of peer support for complex health behavior. In International Congress of Behavioral Medicine. Retrevied http://peersforprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/20120531_peer_support_global_systematic_review.pdf
Fisher EB, Boothroyd RI, Coufal MM, Baumann LC, Mbanya JC, Rotheram-Boros MJ, Sanguanprasit B and Tanasugarn Ch. (2012) Peer support for self-management of diabetes improved outcomes in international settings. Health Affairs (Millwood);31(1), 130-139
Fisher, E. B., Ayala, G. X., Ibarra, L., Cherrington, A. L., Elder, J. P., Tang, T. S., Simmons, D. (2015). Contributions of peer support to health, health care, and prevention: Papers from peers for progress. Annals of Family Medicine, 13(Suppl_1):S28
Fisher, E. B., Chan, J. C., Kowitt, S., Nan, H., Sartorius, N., & Oldenburg, B. (2015). Conceptual perspectives on the co-occurrence of mental and physical disease: Diabetes and depression as a model. In Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Disorders (Vol. 179, pp. 1-14) Karger Publishers. Retrevied https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/365522
Gagliardino, J. J., Arrechea, V., Assad, D., Gagliardino, G. G., González, L., Lucero, S., Clark, C. (2013). Type 2 diabetes patients educated by other patients perform at least as well as patients trained by professionals. Diabetes/metabolism Research and Reviews, 29(2), 152-160.
Giugliani, C., Harzheim, E., Duncan, M. S., & Duncan, B. B. (2011). Effectiveness of community health workers in brazil: A systematic review. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 34(4), 326-338.
Goldman, M. L., Ghorob, A., Hessler, D., Yamamoto, R., Thom, D. H., & Bodenheimer, T. (2015). Are low-income peer health coaches able to master and utilize evidence-based health coaching. Annals of Family Medicine, 13 Suppl 1, S36-41.
Greenhalgh, T., Campbell-Richards, D., Vijayaraghavan, S., Collard, A., Malik, F., Griffin, M., Macfarlane, F. (2011). New models of self-management education for minority ethnic groups: Pilot randomized trial of a story-sharing intervention. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 16(1), 28-36.
Hargraves, J. L., Ferguson, W. J., Lemay, C. A., & Pernice, J. (2012). Community health workers assisting patients with diabetes in self-management. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 35(1), 15-26.
Heisler, M. (2008). Different models to mobilize peer support to improve diabetes self-management and clinical outcomes: Evidence, logistics, evaluation considerations and needs for future research. Family Practice, 27, i23-i32.
Heisler, M., Vijan, S., Makki, F., & Piette, J. D. (2010). Diabetes control with reciprocal peer support versus nurse care ManagementA randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(8), 507-515.
Lewin, S., Munabi�Babigumira, S., Glenton, C., Daniels, K., Bosch�Capblanch, X., van Wyk, B. E., & Scheel, I.B. (2010). Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases. The Cochrane Library. Retrevied http://www.who.int/rpc/meetings/LHW_review.pdf
Mayes, P. A., Silvers, A., & Prendergast, J. J. (2010). New direction for enhancing quality in diabetes care: Utilizing telecommunications and paraprofessional outreach workers backed by an expert medical team. Telemedicine and E-Health, 16(3), 358-363.
McEwen, M. M., Pasvogel, A., Gallegos, G., & Barrera, L. (2010). Type 2 diabetes Self�Management social support intervention at the US�Mexico border. Public Health Nursing, 27(4), 310-319.
Moskowitz, D., Thom, D. H., Hessler, D., Ghorob, A., & Bodenheimer, T. (2013). Peer coaching to improve diabetes self-management: Which patients benefit most? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(7), 938-942.
Nettles, A., & Belton, A. (2010). An overview of training curricula for diabetes peer educators. Family Practice, 27 Suppl 1, i33-9.
Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Narayan KM. (2001). Effectiveness of self-management traing in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care, 24:561-87
Parry, M., & Watt-Watson, J. (2010). Peer support intervention trials for individuals with heart disease: A systematic review. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 9(1), 57-67.
Peer for progress peer support around the world (2014). Global evidence for peer support humanizing health care. Recuperado de http://peersforprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140911-global-evidence-for-peer-support-humanizing-health-care.pdf
Perry, H. B., Zulliger, R., & Rogers, M. M. (2014). Community health workers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: An overview of their history, recent evolution, and current effectiveness. Annual Review of Public Health, 35, 399-421.
Pfeiffer, P. N., Heisler, M., Piette, J. D., Rogers, M. A., & Valenstein, M. (2011). Efficacy of peer support interventions for depression: A meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(1), 29-36.
Piette, J. D., Resnicow, K. F., Choi, H. F., & Heisler, M. (2013). A diabetes peer support intervention that improved glycemic control: Mediators and moderators of intervention effectiveness. Chronic IIin. Dec; 9(4)258-267
Prezio, E. A., Cheng, D., Balasubramanian, B. A., Shuval, K., Kendzor, D. E., & Culica, D. (2013). Community diabetes education (CoDE) for uninsured mexican americans: A randomized controlled trial of a culturally tailored diabetes education and management program led by a community health worker. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 100(1), 19-28.
Repper, J., & Carter, T. (2011). A review of the literature on peer support in mental health services. Journal of Mental Health, 20(4), 392-411.
Rogers, E. A., Hessler, D. M., Bodenheimer, T. S., Ghorob, A., Vittinghoff, E., & Thom, D. H. (2014). Diabetes peer coaching: Do “better patients� make better coaches? The Diabetes Educator, 40(1), 107-115.
Rosenthal, E. L., Brownstein, J. N., Rush, C. H., Hirsch, G. R., Willaert, A. M., Scott, J. R., .Fox, D. J. (2010). Community health workers: Part of the solution. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 29(7), 1338-1342.
Ruggiero, L., Moadsiri, A., Butler, P., Oros, S. M., Berbaum, M. L., Whitman, S., & Cintron, D. (2010). Supporting diabetes self-care in underserved populations: A randomized pilot study using medical assistant coaches. The Diabetes Educator, 36(1), 127-131.
Simmons, D., Cohn, S., Bunn, C., Birch, K., Donald, S., Paddison, C., Graffy, J. (2013). Testing a peer support intervention for people with type 2 diabetes: A pilot for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Family Practice, 14(1), 5.
Smith, S. M., Paul, G., Kelly, A., Whitford, D. L., O’Shea, E., & O’Dowd, T. (2011). Peer support for patients with type 2 diabetes: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 342: doi:10.1136/bmj.d715
Stryer, D. (2001). Diabetes Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Agency for Health Research and Quality, 1-6. Retrevied https://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/diabetes/diabdisp/diabdisp.html
Swider, S. M., Martin, M., Lynas, C., & Rothschild, S. (2010). Project MATCH: Training for a promotora intervention. The Diabetes Educator, 36(1), 98-108.
Tang, T. S., Ayala, G. X., Cherrington, A., & Rana, G. (2011). A review of volunteer-based peer support interventions in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum, 24(2), 85-98
Tang, T. S., Funnell, M. M., Gillard, M., Nwankwo, R., & Heisler, M. (2011). The development of a pilot training program for peer leaders in diabetes: Process and content. The Diabetes Educator, 37(1), 67-77.
Tang, T. S., Funnell, M., Sinco, B., Piatt, G., Palmisano, G., Spencer, M. S., Heisler, M. (2014). Comparative effectiveness of peer leaders and community health workers in diabetes self-management support: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 37(6), 1525-1534.
Thom, D. H., Ghorob, A., Hessler, D., De Vore, D., Chen, E., & Bodenheimer, T. A. (2013). Impact of peer health coaching on glycemic control in low-income patients with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Family Medicine, 11(2), 137-144.
Urlaub, D., Parada, H., Ballesteros, J., Galvan, Y., McDonough, M., & Fisher, E. (June 2014). Population focused peer support to reach those not receiving recommended diabetes services. Population focused peer support to reach those not receiving recommended diabetes services. American Diabetes Association 74th Scientific Sessions; San Francisco.
Resumen recuperado de http://peersforprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/141107-ada2014_poster_peersforprogress_final.pdf
Van der Wulp, I., de Leeuw, J., Gorter, K., & Rutten, G. (2012). Effectiveness of peer�led self�management coaching for patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine, 29(10), e390-e397.
Viswanathan, M., Kraschnewski, J. L., Nishikawa, B., Morgan, L. C., Honeycutt, A. A., Thieda, P., Jonas, D. E. (2010). Outcomes and costs of community health worker interventions: A systematic review. Medical Care, 48(9), 792-808.
Walton, J. W., Snead, C. A., Collinsworth, A. W., & Schmidt, K. L. (2012). Reducing diabetes disparities through the implementation of a community health worker-led diabetes self-management education program. Family & Community Health, 35(2), 161-171.
World Health Organization. Peer support programmes in diabetes. Reporto of Q WHO consultation, 5-7 november (2007). Recuperado de http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Diabetes_final_13_6.pdf
Con el propósito de promover el desarrollo y divulgación de la investigación en educación en América Latina, en La Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias de la Salud (RICS) se adhirió a la Iniciativa de Acceso Abierto de Budapest, por lo que se identifica como una publicación de acceso abierto. Esto significa que cualquier usuario puede leer el texto completo de los artículos, imprimirlos, descargarlos, copiarlos, enlazarlos, distribuirlos y usar los contenidos para otros fines. Las licencias Creative Cummons, permiten especificar los derechos de uso de una revista de acceso abierto disponible en Internet de tal manera que los usuarios conocen las reglas de publicación.
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as a publicar su trabajo en Internet (por ejemplo en páginas institucionales o personales) antes y durante el proceso de revisión y publicación, ya que puede conducir a intercambios productivos y a una mayor y más rápida difusión del trabajo publicado
